AIRCRAFT LANDING TRAJECTORY CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH RUNWAY OCCUPANCY TIME: AN ADS-B-BASED STUDY

Abstrak

Runway Occupancy Time Landing (ROTL) is an important operational indicator of runway efficiency, as variations in aircraft landing behavior can affect the duration of runway occupancy. This study investigates aircraft landing trajectory characteristics associated with differences in ROTL using Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B) data. A total of 2,000 Category C landing trajectories recorded between July and October 2025 on Runway 06 and vacating via Taxiway M2 at Soekarno–Hatta International Airport were analyzed. The trajectories were reconstructed at one-second intervals from threshold crossing to runway exit and classified into the 5% lowest and 5% highest ROTL groups. Comparative analysis was conducted using threshold speed and altitude, together with temporal and spatial trajectory profiles represented by altitude–time, speed–time, altitude–horizontal-range, and speed–horizontal-range relationships. The results show a clear difference in threshold speed between the two groups, with mean values of 148.42 kt for the low-ROTL group and 132.07 kt for the high-ROTL group, while mean threshold altitude remained relatively similar at 50.75 ft and 51.43 ft, respectively. The trajectory profiles further indicate differences in the evolution of aircraft speed and altitude from threshold crossing through touchdown and runway rollout. These findings demonstrate that trajectory-level analysis can provide additional insight into aircraft landing behavior associated with variations in runway occupancy time.